Gender Differences in the Effects of Online Visual and Audio Combinations on Credibility

2024-03-10T08:47:40+00:00

Since the Covid-19 pandemic occurred, salespeople using online tools have been facing difficulties conveying credibility to their customers, which is considered essential for business. This study focused on the combination of visual and audio cues, not individual cues, and evaluated salesperson credibility from a gender difference perspective. Each male and female salesperson gave a business presentation using Zoom with eight patterns of visual and audio combinations: three kinds of still images as visual (Name only /Profile photo with no expression/Profile photo with a smile) x two kinds of voices as audio (Dull/Bright) and two kinds of videos (with no facial expression and dull voice/ with facial expressions and bright voice), and his /her credibility was evaluated by participants from a customer perspective. As a result, it suggests that the female salesperson decreases her credibility significantly using the “Name” & dull voice” combination, and that visual cues are significant factors in conveying credibility. In the case of the male salesperson, it suggests that any visual images with a bright voice mostly increase his credibility and that audio cues are significant factors. The findings from this study indicate the potential for further improving salesperson credibility in online communication by gender.

Countermeasure Portfolio Management of Silent Cyber Risks for Suitable Return of Investment

2024-03-15T09:50:17+00:00

In recent years, with the continuing development of the Internet of Things (IoT), various devices are now connected a huge number of networks and are being used for diverse pur-poses. The IoT has the potential to link cyber risks to actual property damage, as cyberspace risks are connected to physical space. With this increase in unknown cyber risks, the demand for cyber insurance is increasing. One of the most serious emerging risks is the silent cyber risk, and it is only likely to increase in the future. However, at present, security countermeas-ures against silent cyber risks are insufficient. In this paper, we propose a countermeasure portfolio management of silent cyber risk for organizations with the objective of contributing to the development of risk management methods against new cyber risks. Specifically, we modeled silent cyber risk by focusing on state transitions to different risks. We newly defined two types of silent cyber risk, Alteration risk and Combination risk, and conducted a risk assessment that identified 23 risk factors. After analyzing them, we found that all were clas-sified as Risk Transference. We clarified that the most effective risk countermeasure for Al-teration risk was insurance and for Combination risk was countermeasures to reduce the im-pact of the risk factors themselves. Our evaluation showed that the silent cyber risk could be reduced by about 50%, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed countermeas-ures. We also investigated the risk assessment results of silent cyber risk from the operational perspective. Specifically, we applied portfolio management based on the return on invest-ment of risk countermeasures for silent cyber risks and found that proactive countermeasures tended to have higher priority.

International Journal of Service and Knowledge Management

Gender Differences in the Effects of Online Visual and Audio Combinations on Credibility

Countermeasure Portfolio Management of Silent Cyber Risks for Suitable Return of Investment